where is purple loosestrife from

This plant, like few others, stirs our alien prejudice. Lythrum salicaria or purple loosestrife[2] is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. [8][12][13][14][15] The species was thought to be a recent introduction to Australia, but pre-colonial pollen samples have been found in New South Wales, indicating another route of introduction;[16] the question is considered unresolved by Australian authorities. In the early 1800s, seeds of purple loosestrife found their way to North America. What does it look like? Water loosestrife weekly most of the year and twice weekly during the hottest parts of the summer. ), native winged loosestrife (Lythrum alatum) and native swamp loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus). Mechanical: Young, small plants can be dug or pulled. Purple loosestrife seeds remain viable for up to 20 years and are transported by wind, water, and in mud stuck to the feet of birds. Where did Purple Loosestrife Come From? Viveka Neveln is the Garden Editor at BHG and a degreed horticulturist with broad gardening expertise earned over 3+ decades of practice and study. Once it's present, it has a tendency to dominate, outcompeting native Purple loosestrife was used for the control of the erosion in the past, until people became aware of the invasive potential of this plant. Plants range from two to six feet tall, with several half to one foot long flower stalks on a single plant. [23], It has also been introduced in many areas of North America by bee keepers,[citation needed] due to its abundance of flowers which provide an important source of nectar.[24]. If youre unable to find the information you need, please submit your gardening question here: Connecting people with the University of Wisconsin. Purple Loosestrife Project's Top 10 FAQ. Regular deadheading extends bloom time. Long or lance-shaped leaves grow up to 4 inches long. it can clog irrigation canals and reduces the value of forage. It is a herbaceous perennial related to Lagerstroemia (crepe myrtle) and known from ancient times. Erect, hairy, summer-green perennial herb (<1-2 m, occasionally <3 m) with a taproot and fibrous roots that form dense surface mats and produce up to 50 stems . The leaves are smooth, opposite, and attached directly to the stem. Purple loosestrife has narrow leaves that are arranged opposite each other on the stem. Other names include spiked loosestrifepurple Lythrum. See the reported locations of purple loosestrife in Wisconsin. Try not to damage the rhizomes. Purple loosestrife blooms from July to September and attracts bees, that are responsible for the pollination of this plant. ditches and can block or disrupt water flow. Fireweed, which has much larger flowers, alternate leaves, and does not grow in wetlands. Lift the plant out of the ground and separate the mass into several sections, preferably with your hands but using a sharp knife if necessary. Help UW Madison Division of Extension Natural Resources Institutes Aquatic Invasive Species Program evaluate our training videos and their use by taking this survey after you watch this and other videos in the series: Purple Loosestrife Training Follow Up Survey. One horizontal underground stem, known as a rhizome, can produce 30 to 50 erect stems. has many far reaching ecological implications, many of which still Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, King County - Purple lossestrife identification and control, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board, 2023 Invasive Snail and Slug Virtual Workshop, Columbia Basin Cooperative Weed Management Area, Invasive Species Research, Control, and Policy Forums, Washingtons Urban Forest Pest Readiness Plan, Lake Roosevelt Invasive Mussel Rapid Response Exercise, Scotch Broom Ecology and Management Symposium, Steve Dewey, Utah State Univ., Bugwood.org, Norman Rees, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org, John Byrd, Mississippi State Univ., Bugwood.org. An EEO/AA employer, University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title VI, Title IX, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act requirements. Purple loosestrife is a plant. It can grow in a couple feet of water or on dry shore near the water line. Seeds are viable for at least seven years. The nicknames for purple loosestrife - beautiful killer, marsh monster [17] In North America, purple loosestrife can invade sedge meadows. Lysimachus is derived from the Greek lysis, meaning loosing and mache, meaning strife. How to Plant and Grow Purple Poppy Mallow, How to Plant and Grow Perennial Sunflower, Attracts Birds, Cut Flowers, Good for Containers, Low Maintenance, Drought Tolerant, Groundcover, Slope/Erosion Control. Its larvae destroy tender leaf buds and strip the tissue from the leaves. An invasive, weedy species, loosestrife It began with the U.S. Native to much of Europe and parts of Asia and commonly found growing in wetlands and other riparian areas, purple loosestrifes appealing spikes of magenta flowers, sturdy, upright growth habit, and ease of propagation made it a prized ornamental; its abundant nectar made it a favorite of beekeepers. This highly invasive plant was likely introduced when its seeds were included in soil used as ballast in European sailing ships and discarded in North America. Small infestations can be removed with a shovel. It is considered a serious threat to these habitats, because once it becomes established, it quickly displaces native species and reduces overall plant and animal diversity. Purple loosestrife is native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, with a range that extends from Britain to Japan. Zones 4-8, Lysimachia punctata, or whorled loosestrife, has whorls of 1-inch yellow flowers along the upper part of leafy 3-foot stems. It has winged, square stems, solitary flowers in separated leaf axils, paired lower leaves and alternate upper leaves. HABIT: Herbaceous perennial that forms bushy clumps 1.5-2m high. Set it in the hole at the same depth it was in the container and backfill with the amended soil, pressing down with your hands to remove air pockets. Its 50 stems are four-angled and glabrous to pubescent. Identification: Purple loosestrife is an erect perennial herb in the loosestrife family (Lythraceae) that develops a strong taproot, and may have up to 50 stems arising from its base. Europe and Asia. established, it is extremely difficult to eradicate. Connect with your County Extension Office , Find an Extension employee in our staff directory , Get the latest news and updates on Extension's work around the state, Feedback, questions or accessibility issues: info@extension.wisc.edu | 2023 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System Privacy Policy | Non-Discrimination Policy & How to File a Complaint | Disability Accommodation Requests. It is now is a restricted species due to its vigorous spreading habit that crowds out . Purple loosestrife has long, narrow, lanceolate leaves with smooth edges. Plants marketed under the name "European wand loosestrife" (L. virgatum) are the same species despite the different name. Zones 4-8, Lysimachia nummularia 'Aurea' is a fast-growing groundcover for shade or partial shade. Purple loosestrife is now present in every U.S. state except Louisiana, Florida. Purple loosestrife has found its way to nearly every state in America and most of the Canadian provinces. Protecting Ontarios biodiversity while promoting economic opportunities in the resource sector and supporting outdoor recreation opportunities. Some of these are not invasive, such as Lythrum 'Morden's Gleam', which is a seedless, non-invasive loosestrife. Put it in a warm, bright area and check it occasionally to keep the medium and cutting moist. Is my garden variety (cultivar) of Purple Loosestrife safe? [4], Found in ditches, wet meadows and marshes and along sides of lakes. Flowers contain both types of reproductive organs. [5] However, Pliny (A.D. 23-79) stated that Lythrum is named for Lysimachus, an army general and friend of Alexander the Great. Provide full sun and average well-drained soil. This can lead to a reduction in plant diversity, which reduces habitat value to wildlife. In addition, the insects and diseases that keep the plants population in check in its homeland are not present in North America. Purple loosestrife is classified as noxious weed in almost all countries of the USA and Canada. Other names include spiked loosestrife and purple Lythrum. Buy native or non-invsasive plants from reputable retailers. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), native to Eurasia and now common in eastern North America, grows 0.6 to 1.8 metres (2 to 6 feet) high on riverbanks and in ditches. The beetles are natural enemies of purple loosestrife and feed primarily on the plant, although they occasionally eat other species of loosestrife. Bouquet-violet. Many gardeners cultivate this plant in a container to contain its rampant growth. Lytrhrum salicaria commonly known as purple loosestrife, spiked willow-herb, long purples, rainbow weed, etc. Easy and undemanding, veronicas catch the eye in sunny gardens over many months. A single application in spring of a balanced fertilizer, such as a slow-release granular 10-10-10 product, is all this plant needs. The program offers free equipment and starter beetles to all state citizens who want to take part. How can I control purple loosestrife? Insect release sites in Minnesota. Purple loosestrife usually grows to a height of 3 to 7 ft., but it can grow as tall as 12 ft. Gardeners may prefer to grow loosestrife in a pot outdoors to contain the plant. 7. If several larvae inhabit the same root, the plant can be killed. How can insects help control Purple Loosestrife? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/loosestrife, WebMd - Loosestrife - Uses, Side Effects, and More, loosestrife - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Remove any foliage from the bottom half of the cutting and dip it in rooting hormone. Are all Loosestrife varieties harmful to the environment? Perhaps we should highlight those functions a bit more rather than simply condemning a species when it misbehaves., Pingback: From Cut Flower to Noxious Weed The Story of Babys Breath awkward botany. It was introduced from Europe in the 1800s as a perennial garden plant. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources | Site requirements | Accessibility | Legal | Privacy | Employee resources, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. It originates from Europe and Asia. Purple loosestrife is here to stay in Wisconsin, but you can help protect your wetlands from domination by this exotic invader by simply reuniting it locally with its natural predators! Purple loosestrife was being accused of all manner of crimes against nature and was being condemned before there was sound evidence to justify such actions. These factors allow purple loosestrife to spread rapidly through wetlands and other areas where it chokes out other desirable native vegetation and eliminates open water habitat that is important to wildlife. No herbicides Flowers are magenta pink and have five to seven narrow petals. Most types of loosestrife spread aggressively through underground rhizomes and have an ability to root anywhere a node touches the ground. The flowers are showy and bright, and a number of cultivars have been selected for variation in flower colour, including: The cultivars Blush[21] with blush-pink flowers, and 'Feuerkerze'[22] with rose-red flowers have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. She has more than 20 years of experience writing and editing for both print and digital media. Remove any plants from gardens to reduce seed sources and do not plant purple loosestrife. The beetles used as biological control agents include two species of leaf beetle: Galerucella calmariensis and Galerucella pusilla; and three species of weevil: Hylobius transversovittatus, Nanophyes breves, and Nanophyes marmoratus. On the warpath. It will adjust to varying light conditions and water levels. One plant is able to produce 2.5 million seed per year. Stems: 4-sided and woody (4-7 inch tall). Stems are woody and square, and each one can form a plant up to 2.4 metres high and 1.5 metres wide. Put the bag in a warm, bright area until they germinate, checking periodically to ensure the planting medium remains moist. The species Lythrum intermedium Ledeb. The flowers attract a wide variety of pollinating insects mostly bees and afterwards produce small capsules full of tiny, red-brown seeds. The foliage is ornamental with its waxy rosettes of silver-green, narrow, wavy-edged leaves, up to 4 in. COMMON NAME Purple Loosestrife; BOTANICAL NAME: Lythrum salicaria: ORIGIN: Europe, Africa, eastern coast of Australia. Fruit of purple loosestrife is capsule filled with numerous seed. Raise beetles in your backyard or schoolyard on caged, potted loosestrife plants starting in spring, and take the pots to local infested wetlands for release in summer. If near water a permit may be required and aquatic-use formulas of these herbicides should be used. (LogOut/ [2][8][9], L. salicaria is very variable in leaf shape and degree of hairiness, and a number of subspecies and varieties have been described, but it is now generally regarded as monotypic with none of these variants being considered of botanical significance. Each seed is the size of grain of sand that can be carried by the wind, bugs, birds, boat hulls, footwear, wildlife and pets. This is an interesting article for me because here in the Wingecarribee Shire of south-eastern New South Wales, Australia, we are deliberately propagating and encouraging this plant nowadays, This plant was considered an introduced species until studies were carried out in a local swamp which found lytythrum pollen in sediments from 20,000 years ago. It can spread indefinitely. 3. The northeastern United States and southern Canada are the areas experiencing the greatest impact of purple loosestrife. It can reach up to 10 feet tall and 5 feet wide and has a persistent, perennial tap root and spreading rootstock. Though loosestrife elimination is rare, this process offers effective and environmentally sound control of the plant without herbicides. When ready, prepare a seed flat or pot with a sterile seed-starting medium. Help stop the impacts of invasive species! Many species of Lysimachia are visited by bees for the oil contained in hairs on the flowers rather than for nectar or pollen. A The moth Ectropis crepuscularia is polyphagous and a pest species itself, and unsuitable for biological control.[26]. Its stems are square and six-sided. Leaves are opposite or whorled and three to 10 centimetres long, with smooth edges. What does Purple Loosestrife look like? Although this species tolerates a wide variety of soil conditions, its typical habitat includes cattail marshes, sedge meadows, and bogs. loosestrife, any of the ornamental plants of the family Lythraceae, especially the genera Lythrum and Decodon, and Lysimachia of the family Primulaceae. Special thanks to Colleen Lavoie reports that all but one of them rely on a relatively high number of sources that have not been published in peer-reviewed journals. After examining the reviews, Lavoie concludes: although each review provided valuable information on purple loosestrife, most were somewhat biased and relied on a substantial amount of information that was anecdotal or not screened by reviewers during a formal evaluation process. Clipped plants grow backand cut stems readily re-root in the soil to produce new plants. All control methods will likely need to be repeated for several years. Purple loosestrife forms dense stands that outcompete native plants for space, light, and pollinators, and provide poor habitat for waterfowl. Its flowers are extremely attractive to bees and butterflies. Which safe perennial are you exchanging for my Purple Loosestrife? It is sometimes used as a cut flower. Purple loosestrife is a prohibited invasive species. What you can do Purple Loosestrife ( Lythrum salicaria) Purple loosestrife is a wetland plant native to Europe and Asia that was brought to North America in the early 19 th century. May grow up to 6 feet tall and 4-5 feet wide. Cut it from the plant and crush it to release the seeds. In North America, purple loosestrife may be distinguished from similar native plants (e.g., fireweed Chamerion angustifolium, blue vervain Verbena hastata, Liatris Liatris spp., and spiraea (Spiraea douglasii) by its angular stalks which are square in outline, as well as by its leaves, which are in pairs that alternate at right angle and are not serrated. Large stands of purple loosestrife can clog irrigation canals, degrade farmland and reduce the forage value of pastures. Purple loosestrife provides a model of successful biological pest control. Funnel-shaped white callas represent a simple cool elegance in the garden, but the colored callas add a new dimension to the plant. It is reported to contain flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins. to top. It bears round chartreuse foliage and grows 2 inches tall. Eurasia ( Munger 2002) Date of U.S. Introduction Exact date unknown; was established by the 1830s ( Munger 2002) Means of Introduction Through ships' ballast and as an ornamental ( Munger 2002) Impact Crowds out native species ( Munger 2002) Purple loosestrife, flower Credit Photo by Norman E. Rees; USDA, Agricultural Research Service Source [25] Easily carried by wind and water, the seeds germinate in moist soils after overwintering. Purple loosestrife is a tall, perennial wetland plant with reddish-purple flowers, which may be found in sunny wetlands, wet meadows, river and stream banks, ponds edges, reservoirs, and ditches. The flowers are reddish purple, 1020 millimetres (1234in) in diameter, with six petals (occasionally five) and 12 stamens, and are clustered tightly in the axils of bracts or leaves; there are three different flower types, with the stamens and style of different lengths, short, medium or long; each flower type can only be pollinated by one of the other types, not the same type, thus ensuring cross-pollination between different plants. Encourage your community to scout for and remove any purple loosestrife in your area. Water lightly and cover the container and cutting with a clear plastic bag to retain humidity. Zones 4-9. Lynn McAlpine is a lifelong gardener and long-time editor of gardening and home articles. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Purple loosestrife is native to Europe and Asia. Those leaves take on a pink tinge as they emerge in spring for an eye-catching show of color. [2][9][12], Lythrum salicaria is native to Europe, temperate Asia and northwest Africa. The loosestrife flower weevil Nanophyes marmoratus is a tiny weevil which lays a single egg in each flower. 4. Spring purple loosestrife and native wetland look-a-like stem from left: two-year-old plant, one-year-old plant, Steeplebush (Spiraea tomentosa), Swamp Loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus), Great Water Dock (Rumex britannica). It was introduced to the east coast in the early 1800s, possibly as seeds in ship's ballast or as an ornamental. Stems are square and a plant may have more than 30 stems. 9. It alters the structure and function of wetlands, clogs waterways and irrigation system, affects rice and other agricultural production, and reduces livestock forage quality. In autumn, the leaves often turn red for about two weeks before fading and falling . Care must be taken though, as removal of purple loosestrife can result in a secondary invasion by noxious weeds with an even worse track record, such as common reed or reed canary grass. 10. "[6], Purple loosestrife was referred to several times as Long Purples by John Clare, such as in his 1821 poem The Wildflower Nosegay:[7], And fine long purples shadowd in the lake", Volume II of The Village Minstrel and Other Poems, John Clare, pg. Yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) is a plant that grows in Europe and Asia. This highly invasive plant was likely introduced when its seeds were included in soil used as ballast in European sailing ships and discarded in North America. Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) image credit: wikimedia commons. It was, instead, a biological menace that needed to be destroyed. For best results, plant loosestrife in well-drained, consistently moist soil. Be sure no portions of roots or stems remain. This depends on the variety, but it is common for loosestrife plants to live 10 or more years when well cared for. Infestations of either of the Galerucella species is extremely effective in wiping out a stand of purple loosestrife, defoliating up to 100% of the plants in an area. The County Coordinators can be found at WDNR AIS Contacts. Please send us a report. Give the seedlings time to develop a robust root system before transplanting them to the garden or a large container. purpurea emerges in spring with exciting deep-purple foliage that holds its color all season. For more information on purple loosestrife: Access the Wisconsin DNR website orcontact your county UW-Extension agent. Purple loosestrife, an exotic plant from Europe, has overrun many state wetlands. Purple loosestrife is a perennial plant found rooted in a range of wet soil habitats. Although each bloom lasts only a single day, superior cultivars carry numerous buds on each scape, so bloom time is long, especially if you deadhead daily. See. What's so bad about Purple Loosestrife? Nutrient-rich soil fuels the perennial's rapid growth and extended bloom times. It is also naturalised in many temperate parts of the world, including parts of southern Africa, North America, and South America. It is now considered a noxious weed and an invasive species in many parts of the United States and Canada, where it forms dense colonies and crowds out the native wetland vegetation that provides food and habitat for wildlife. Lavoie agrees that it is reasonable to control purple loosestrife when the intention is to reduce additional pressures on an ecosystem that is already highly threatened. Cellas monitored in the state and elsewhere have decreased the vigor, size and seed output of purple loosestrife, allowing native plants to survive and increase naturally by competing better against smaller loosestrife plants. The container can be buried in the garden or be a decorative addition to a patio. In some cases the plants sold are sterile, which is preferable. Flowers of purple loosestrife are valuable for the beekeepers due to large quantities of nectar that is essential for the manufacture of honey. Divisions: Use a sharp shovel to cut a circle several inches wider than the estimated width of the rhizomes and roots of an existing plant. Plant loosestrife plants in full sun, which leads to the best foliage colors and prevents plants from flopping. The easiest way to propagate loosestrife is through divisions, but they can also be propagated by stem cuttings or grown from seed. 'Alexander', for example, offers triple-tone leaves of medium green edged in softer green and rimmed in cream. Lytrhrum salicaria - commonly known as purple loosestrife, spiked willow-herb, long purples, rainbow weed, etc. purple loosestrife. In my research I saw some sources listing it as native to parts of Australia. On that note, Ill leave you with this passage from The Book of Swamp and Bog by John Eastman: The situation is easy for environmentalists to deplore. Only one review was impartial, and this one painted an inconclusive picture of the species.. It is very aggressive and can become a nuisance. Local Concern: Given the right conditions, purple loosestrife can rapidly establish and replace native vegetation. Many of the best cultivars are hybrids. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Purple loosestrife has woody, strong taproot with several fibrous, lateral roots which provide stability of the plant and ensure constant supply with nutrients from the soil. To dispose of purple loosestrife, put the plants in plastic bags, seal them, and put the bags in the garbage. Species Range and Distribution Purple loosestrife is a problem in New Hampshire and throughout North America and Canada. Love and Hate The Story of PurpleLoosestrife, From Cut Flower to Noxious Weed The Story of Babys Breath awkward botany, Weeds of Boise: Boise State University Campus, partone, Getting to Know a Grass Basic Anatomy andIdentification. Seeds: How to harvest seed from all the many loosestrife species varies, but in general, wait for the seed head or pod to dry on the plant. Stems: Green, sometimes tinged purple, stiff, erect, and generally four-sided (older stems, five or six-sided). Purple loosestrife is an emergent aquatic plant. Blooms from the bottom of the flower spike to the top from late June to September. 6. A number of insects use Lythrum salicaria as a food resource. There are some 50,000 named hybrid cultivars in a range of flower sizes (the minis are very popular), forms, and plant heights. I was always suspicious of this one. The plant will still perform beautifully. Thats a fascinating story once rejected and now embraced. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Purple loosestrife is a persistent invasive plant that is responsible for bright swaths of magenta you may pass driving along the road. is a large plant family with more than 180 species of herbaceous and evergreen perennials. Her work encompasses both print publications and online sites. The following top 10 frequently asked questions were compiled from Burn, landfillor bury all plant parts deep in the ground. Fish and Wildlife Services special report published in 1987. Where is it originally from? The dark 3-inch leaves, sometimes variegated with white, are also arranged in whorls. They are arranged in pairs or whorls of three along the stems. Yet they look so delicate, producing glorious trumpet-shaped blooms in myriad colors. It is believed to have been first introduced into the U.S. from seed contained in ships' ballast, and it became established in certain estuaries in the northeastern states by the early 1800s. Chemical: Imazapyr or glyphosate works well against purple loosestrife. The larvae usually proceed to hollow out the flower buds and use them as safe places to pupate. The larvae emerge from their eggs and immediately burrow into the root of the plant, which they feed on continuously for over a year. Now the highest concentrations of the plant occur in the formerly glaciated wetlands in the Northeast. [6], The English word loosestrife first appeared in written form in the 16th century. Please contact the Invading Species Hotline at 1-800-563-7711. Purple loosestrife was introduced to North America during the 19. During its first 150 years or so in North America, purple loosestrife became naturalized in ditches, wet meadows, and the banks of streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds while also enjoying a place in our gardens. Cutting the flower stalks before they go to seed ensures the seeds will not produce future plants. [6], The specific epithet salicaria derives from the similarity of the leaves to those of willows or Salix species. Where did Purple Loosestrife Come From. Wetland perennial, three to seven feettall, with up to 50 stems topped with purple flower spikes. Similar species: Garden yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) is a non-native, wetland garden escapee with yellow flowers. The container should have good drainage and be filled with the same well-draining amended soil as used when loosestrife is planted in the ground. Biological control, if effective, will reduce the impact of purple loosestrife on wetland flora and fauna. This chart can help you determine what method or combination of methods make the most sense for your site. Remove the plant from the container being careful not to damage any of the rhizomes or roots. Clusters of bright yellow 1-inch flowers nod atop 2- to 3-foot stems. How can I get rid of my Purple Loosestrife? People use natural enemies of purple loosestrife which feed on the leaves of this plant to eradicate it from the occupied habitats. When the humidity is very high, cut back on watering. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Charles Darwin thoroughly studied the flowers of purple loosestrife; he was intrigued by the plant for many reasons, including its heterostyly (a topic for another post). Flowers vary, too; they can be shaped like cups, saucers, or stars and come in shades of white, yellow, pink, and purple. Purple loosestrife was probably introduced multiple times to North America, both as a contaminant in ship ballast and as an herbal remedy for dysentery, diarrhea, and other digestive ailments. From there, it spread westward across the continent to all Canadian provinces and all American states except Florida, Alaska and Hawaii. It has been used as an astringent medicinal herb to treat diarrhea and dysentery; it is considered safe to use for all ages, including babies. Family. Purple loosestrife (Spike loosestrife, Purple lythrum) is a perennial plant that spreads rapidly by seed and root fragments. 2. Flowering lasts throughout the summer. Lynn has a B.A. Is It Here Yet? But is this ranking justified? The purple loosestrife has been introduced into temperate New Zealand and North America where it is now widely naturalised (spreading on its own) and officially listed in some controlling agents. When the seeds are mature, the leaves often turn bright red through dehydration in early autumn; the red colour may last for almost two weeks. It can live for many years, usually becoming tough and fibrous at the base. Native primrose loosestrifes are yellow-flowered.
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