This is a big undertaking for young people who lack stable social support to help them through the transition into adulthood. . Australia, Ireland and New Zealand have high numbers of children in family-based foster care, over 80%.8 In some eastern European OECD countries, for example Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, a larger proportion of children live in large state institutions. Age of arrival can also influence the well-being of students with an immigrant background. [95] WHO (2014), Preventing Preventing suicide suicide: A global imperative, World Health Organisation, Geneva, http://www.who.int (accessed on 2July2019). [32] Fitzsimons,E. etal. In the EU, there is great heterogeneity in procedures, practices and resources. Some European OECD countries, for instance Austria, Belgium and Greece, have responded to the challenge of hosting unaccompanied minors by placing them outside of the foster care system in residential and non-specialised reception centres (Opening Doors for Europe's Children, 2018[78]).9 In the United States, the majority of children are in family-based foster care (Childrens Bureau, 2017[79]), while in Japan, the majority are in residential care (Nakatomi etal., 2018[80]). 501-511, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1112-5. [19] McGorry,P. etal. (2015), Latent classes of childhood trauma exposure predict the development of behavioral health outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood, Psychological Medicine, Vol. The ideal approach to prevention encompasses all three levels, which results in a comprehensive service framework focused on improving outcomes for children and families. [15] Delobel-Ayoub,M. etal. Children graded in the concerning category are regarded as likely to benefit from a clinical assessment and probably some intervention. (2012), The Changing Landscape of Disability in Childhood on JSTOR. Ref: PHE publications gateway number GW-1202. Research from Sweden suggests that children from lower-income families and of parents with manual occupations are at higher risk (Rai etal., 2012[14]), while French research found that the rate of children with ASD with an associated intellectual disability is higher in areas with the highest levels of deprivation (Delobel-Ayoub etal., 2015[15]). [21] NHS Digital (2018), Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2017: Summary of Key Findings, https://gss.civilservice.gov.uk/wp- (accessed on 1July2019). The inter-generational transmission of mental health is strongest amongst children in lower socio-economic backgrounds (Reiss, 2013[31]). Based on a limited number of country studies, a 2009 systematic review estimated that each year around 4-16% of children are physically abused; one in ten children experiences neglect or emotional abuse; and 5-10% of girls and 1-5% of boys are subjected to penetrative child sexual abuse over the course of childhood (Gilbert etal., 2009[53]). At the country level, in the United States, the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) 2014 measured the maltreatment exposure rate in the study year among 0-17 year olds and lifetime exposure among older children aged 14-17 years.5 The survey showed that around 15% of children experienced some form of maltreatment over the previous year, while almost 38% of older children reported experiencing maltreatment over the lifetime. Culture influences child vulnerability by providing the context in which children live in their families, communities and the larger global world.
Child Protection Rapid Assessment Toolkit | Save the Children's [97] AIFS (2018), Children in care: CFCA Resource Sheet, Australia Institute for Family Studies, https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/children-care (accessed on 25July2019). OECD countries operationalise different frameworks for measuring childhood disability. 72, pp. (2012), The Long-Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Neglect: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. In addition, parental understanding and ability to respond to childrens needs is relevant and is informed by parents own experiences of being parented (Howe, 2005[66]). Inequality has been linked with greater psychological distress and poor mental health in adolescents through data from the Health Behaviour of School-aged Children Study (HBSC). 93, pp. [61] Farrell,C. etal. 214-220, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.083. Evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospective, Psychological Medicine, Vol. loss of income and loss of productivity); or USD 8.5 trillion using a willingness-to-pay approach. [13] Spencer,N., C.Blackburn and J.
What is child vulnerability and how can it be overcome? | Changing the [35] Burns,T. and F.Gottschalk (eds.) When broader definitions of sexual abuse are applied, prevalence estimates of sexual abuse are much higher. 61/2, pp. (2019), Education disparities in young people with and without neurodisabilities. Child vulnerability should be considered from several dimensions. 2017 (Australia); The Report of the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse 2009 (Ireland); and the Final Report of the Wilhelminenberg Commission 2013 (Austria). [84] Jedwab,M. etal. (2018), The interface between child/adolescent and adult mental health services: results from a European 28-country survey. [66] Howe,D. (2005), Child Abuse and Neglect: Attachment, Development and Intervention, Palgrave MacMillan. [37] Daine,K. etal. In Canada, based on parents responses to a survey on disability, nearly 4% of the 0-14 age group have a physical or mental health condition or health problem that restricts their ability to engage in activities of daily living (HRSD Canada, 2011[4]). There are large variations between countries, from almost 2% in Sweden to around 21% in Iceland (Figure2.1). [27] West,P. and H.Sweeting (2003), Fifteen, female and stressed: changing patterns of psychological distress over time, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, Vol. Attaining academic proficiency is an important part of the integration process, as it helps to equip immigrant students with the skills needed to enter the labour market and participate in the economy of their host country. Even then, countries should continue to work on the possibility of family reunification if the risks to children have been resolved or minimised. Orphanhood is also significant This finding is concerning, as adverse factors are more frequent in families with a parent with poor mental health. [101] WHO (2014), Investing in Children: The European Child Maltreatment Prevention Action Plan 2015-2020, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Geneva, http://www.euro.who.int/en/who-we-are/governance (accessed on 11July2019). Neglect was the most common of maltreatment perpetrated (38.5%), followed by emotional abuse (38%), physical abuse (20.9%) and sexual abuse (2.6%). [55] Finkelhor,D. etal. [43] OECD (2013), PISA 2012 Results: Ready to Learn (Volume III):Students Engagement, Drive and Self-Beliefs, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201170-en. 28/2, pp. Parents level of education is a protective factor, as highly educated parents are better able to access timely and specialist support (Reiss, 2013[31]).3. Moreover, the financial and time resources parents allocate to caring for a child with a disability can worsen economic hardships. For example, a child was sexually abused by a father, and the mother was not aware it happened. Evidence suggests the under-reporting of child sexual abuse across OECD countries (Gilbert etal., 2009[53]; Alaggia, Collin-V Zina and Lateef, 2019[57]). Nonetheless, children with disabilities continue to experience greater adversity and poorer outcomes. Safety and Risk Assessment. [73] Ballard,E. etal. This chapter examines five individual factors contributing to child vulnerability: disability, mental health, immigrant background, maltreatment and being in out-of-home care. 91, pp. Studies from individual OECD countries show higher prevalence rates: England at almost 13% (NHS Digital, 2018[21]); Poland 9% (ENOC, 2018[22]); and New Zealand 8%2 (MoH, 2018[23]). Based on the results of the pooled analysis, the key indi-cators of vulnerability for children and adolescents can be consis-tently identified as household wealth, a child's household living arrangements, and the education level of adults in the household. (2005), Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. Childhood sexual abuse contributes to a range of poorer adult developmental outcomes with a small to medium effect size: mental health difficulties, low self-esteem and life satisfaction; social welfare dependency (Fergusson, McLeod and Horwood, 2013[58]); and poor general physical health (Irish, Kobayashi and Delahanty, 2010[59]). (2009), Child Maltreatment 1 Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries, The Lancet, Vol. [92] Stalker,K. and K.McArthur (2012), Child abuse, child protection and disabled children: a review of recent research, Child Abuse Review, Vol. [54] Sethi,D. etal. Evidence suggests that boys are more likely to have difficulty coping with mainstream school environments, are more often referred for special needs assessments and receive more support (Rix etal., 2013[16]). conduct disorders, attention deficient hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), eating disorders, depression and anxiety) was almost 7%. (2015), Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Violence, Crime, and Abuse, JAMA Pediatrics, Vol. Responsibility for the care of unaccompanied minors generally comes under central governments or local authorities, but there are significant differences in the way OECD countries handle it. The reasons for this association are not clear, but one possible explanation is the negative impact of poor social and environmental conditions during pregnancy and early childhood on child development. 2. [1] Halfon,N. etal. The UNCRC and UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children stipulate that countries should support efforts to keep children in the care of their families, and place children in out-of-home care only when measures to prevent family separation have failed. Experiencing and/or witnessing sexual abuse and physical violence during childhood negatively predicts poor adult mental health and male convictions for non-violent crimes (Ballard etal., 2015[73]). 239-248, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2019.05.010. health, child protection and social protection. The significant association between child mental health and later adult mental health, labour market participation and high economic costs makes reducing the burden of childhood mental health difficulties a priority. It provides evidence on how these factors affect child well-being and later adult outcomes. The same holds true in promoting foster care for children who have experienced institutionalisation. Cleaver, H., Unell, I. and Aldgate, J (2011) Children's needs: parenting capacity: child abuse: parental mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse, and domestic violence (PDF). As a result, they are more likely to have changed schools, switched curricula and in some cases experienced an interruption in schooling. Children in care have additional health needs, some of which arise as a consequence of difficult family circumstances and the accumulation of disadvantages prior to their reception into care. Children with higher needs and those who have experienced many placement breakdowns may be better suited to residential settings that are small in size and staffed with professional caregivers. 93, pp. 21/1, pp. 101-108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2015.11.012. a disability or difficulties with learning. 32/6, pp. non-recent) child sexual abuse have raised public awareness of the problem.6 In general, these inquiries highlight systemic failings by the state and other key institutions to protect children from abuse. [20] Erskine,H. etal.
Children's Risk Taking Behaviors: The Role of Child-Based Perceptions Methods Children and their primary caregivers were interviewed regarding temperament and perceptions of vulnerability to injury. (2012), Parental Socioeconomic Status and Risk of Offspring Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Swedish Population-Based Study. 17/9, pp. Furthermore, children from low socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to suffer from more than one disorder. Children are the most vulnerable Child abuse and neglect have been shown to cause important regions of the brain to fail to form or grow properly, resulting in impaired development. In general, outcomes for children in out-of-home care across education, health, adult employment and future earning are lower than that of the general population (Gypen etal., 2017[87]). Unaccompanied minors face particular integration challenges, particularly those who do not have a guardian to provide emotional, financial, social and practical support. [78] Opening Doors for Europes Children (2018). [64] Zolotor,A. etal. 385/9982, pp. 2. healthcare) and indirect costs (e.g. [38] Signorini,G. etal.
Children and families at risk - NSPCC Learning Safety and Risk Assessment - Child Welfare Information Gateway Given the high levels of adversity experienced, poorer outcomes are not surprising. The removal of a child from its family is the strongest and most far-reaching intervention a state can undertake. Emotionally abusive behaviours may include blaming, belittling, degrading, intimidating, terrorizing, isolating, restraining, confining, corrupting, exploiting, spurning or otherwise behaving in a manner that is harmful, potentially harmful, or insensitive to the childs developmental needs, or can potentially damage the child psychologically or emotionally. 51/5, pp. [6] NCSE (2010), Literature Review of the Principles and Practices relating to Inclusive Education for Children with Special Educational Needs, National Council for Special Education, Trim, Co. Meath, https://ncse.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/NCSE_Inclusion.pdf (accessed on 3October2019). A Child Protection Rapid Assessment Toolkit developed by the The Child Protection Working Group (CPWG) that will be useful to everyone involved with child protection in the field. (2017), Outcomes of children who grew up in foster care: Systematic-review, Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. While this motivation to be in employment is positive, it can come at the cost of investment in continued education and lead to low-skilled and unstable work. Annual data (rounded) (database), http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=migr_asyunaa. The mother unknowingly allowed her child to be serious harmed but is now demonstrating her willingness and ability to protect her child. Researchers concluded that the increase in readiness to report is unlikely to be a key explanatory factor in the rise in mental health difficulties among adolescent girls and boys (Bor etal., 2014[28]). London: The Stationery Office (TSO). (2018), The interface between child/adolescent and adult mental health services: results from a European 28-country survey, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. [33] Plass-Christl,A. etal. [82] Sim,F., D.Li and C.Chu (2016), The moderating effect between strengths and placement on childrens needs in out-of-home care: A follow-up study. (2017), Homelessness and aging out of foster care: A national comparison of child welfare-involved adolescents. 139/5, p.e20161616, http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1616. To date, the literature in this area is not extremely well developed and tends to be inconsistent, but the question is raised of how much digital technology usage is too much for children and how much is too little (the Goldilocks Hypothesis) (Przybylski and Weinstein, 2017[34]). Globally, the prevalence of mental health difficulties among children and youth is increasing (Moffitt etal., 2010[26]; West and Sweeting, 2003[27]). [19] McGorry,P. etal. The factors informing decisions to place children in care vary across countries and even at the country level, from legal definitions of maltreatment to differences in professional and agency perceptions of risk. [30] Elgar,F. etal. Conduct a safety assessment: Gather quality and sufficient safety related information about family conditions (family functioning). (2013), The Power of the Web: A Systematic Review of Studies of the Influence of the Internet on Self-Harm and Suicide in Young People. More often than not, child protection workers walk a tight line when deciding whether a childs well-being would be less harmed by removal than remaining in the family home (Keddell and Hyslop, 2018[76]; Davidson-Arad etal., 2015[75]). 2088-2095, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61460-4. Research has identified factors that place children at risk, but identifying children at actual risk can be difficult, as not all children facing the same risk factors are maltreated. [63] Gracia,E. and G.Musitu (2003), Social isolation from communities and child maltreatment: a cross-cultural comparison. Potential factors behind this rise in prevalence are increased interest in and awareness of emotional well-being, and an increase in help-seeking behaviours. (2015), Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health 20022010: a time-series analysis of 34 countries participating in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. A large degree of variation depends on the country in which the student (or their parents) settle, such as cultural or linguistic differences between their country of origin and the host country, but also on the characteristics of the schools students attend and the help they receive in dealing with daily problems of living, learning and communicating. [5] Glasson,E. etal. Therefore, the main challenge for host-country education systems is to enrol unaccompanied minors in school as quickly as possible.
SACWIS Knowledge Base - Child Vulnerabilities List - jfskb.com [2] OECD (2010), CO1.9: Child Disability, OECD, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database (accessed on 10July2019). Invest in people and places that have been left behind through (i) targeted quality childcare, early education and life-long acquisition of skills; (ii) effective access to quality health care, justice, housing and infrastructures; and (iii) optimal natural resource management for sustainable growth.
Environmental factors that contribute to child vulnerability | Changing Mental illness has economic costs comparable to cardiovascular disease and higher costs than other chronic conditions including diabetes and cancer. They can be vulnerable in terms of deprivation (food, education, and parental care), exploitation, abuse, neglect, violence, and infection with HIV.
. In principle, after authorities have identified unaccompanied minors, child protection authorities should ensure that they are accommodated in special facilities that provide an adequate standard of living and access to education and healthcare (FRA, 2016[47]). malnutrition due to decline in breastfeeding); family dynamics and types of family forms (e.g. 100-116, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2014.945976. Child factors include disability, behavioural problems and poor child-parent attachment (Maclean etal., 2017[67]; Howe, 2005[66]). 76, pp. Nevertheless, within any cultural context, some children are more vulnerable than are others. (2017), Outcomes of children who grew up in foster care: Systematic-review. Much of the foundations for well-being are laid during childhood, and efforts should be made to ensure that they are strong and healthy. 1855-1865, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CHILDYOUTH.2011.05.004. 375-391, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2013.812403. [53] Gilbert,R. etal. The share of foreign-born students (with and without native-born parents) grew by around 1%, native-born students with immigrant parents by 3%, and native-born students with a mixed background by 2% (OECD, 2018[40]).
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