Other components, such as butyric acid (62, 67), lactoferrin (68), and vitamin D (52, 69), in fortified dairy foods might also have protective effects. Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. The results by sex are in Tables S1, S2, S3, and S4 in File S1. (2002), Consumption of dairy products in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort: data from 35955 24-hour dietary recalls in 10 European countries, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Cellular Mechanisms of Calcium and Vitamin D in the Inhibition of Colorectal Carcinogenesis, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Llor X, Jacoby RF, Teng BB, Davidson NO, Sitrin MD, et al. Annals of Oncology . The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Gnrale de lEducation Nationale, and Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Mdicale (France); Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Hellenic Health Foundation, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer, National Research Council, and Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica (AIRE-ONLUS) Ragusa, Associazione Volontari Italiani Sangu Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund, and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); European Research Council (grant number ERC-2009-AdG 232997) and Nordforsk, and Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund, Regional Governments of Andaluca, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Calcium and Cancer Prevention - NCI - National Cancer Institute In our larger analysis, similar strength inverse associations were observed for all milk subtypes, refuting the notion that the milk-colorectal cancer association differs according to fat content, at least in the range of intakes recorded within EPIC. Some studies say that people who eat right,. Adjusted for energy, animal fat, red meat intake, dietary calcium, dietary fiber, simple sugars, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, education level, recreational activity (excluding sports), sporting and type of work. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Rutegrd J, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. Calcium and dairy food intakes are inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in the Cohort of Swedish Men. Statistical tests used in the analysis were all two-sided and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A possible explanation for the non-inverse associations for non-dairy calcium could be that plant sources of calcium the main contributors to non-dairy calcium intake amongst EPIC participants contain oxalate and phytate which have been shown to inhibit calcium absorption [31]. Cottage cheese may be good for a person as it is rich in protein, relatively low in fat, and. Dairy products linked to increased risk of cancer Compared to those in the lower intake quintiles, men and women with higher reported dairy intakes tended to have lower BMIs, higher education level, and reported lower intakes of alcohol, and higher intakes of dietary fibre (Table 2). Hot peppers contain capsaicin, found to have antitumor activity in colon cancer cell and animal studies. Consumption of dairy products and colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Wrote the paper: NM TN. Complete follow-up censoring dates varied amongst centres, ranging between 2005 and 2010. To help manage, try these tips: Fill your plate with lots of fruits and vegetables. According to the hypothesis of Newmark et al. However, less is known about whether the inverse associations vary for individual dairy products with differing fat contents. After a mean (SD) follow-up of 11.0 (2.8) years, 4,513 colorectal cancer cases were documented amongst the 477,122 participants. Sociosanitary Sciences Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, 30 Author disclosures: NB declares that she received payments from Danone SA for the purposes of scientific and technical consulting but not for preparing this study. Supporting information. Dietary calcium was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk (HR per 200 mg/day 0.95, 95% CI: 0.910.99); this association was limited to dairy sources of calcium only (HR per 200 mg/day 0.95, 95% CI: 0.910.99), with no association observed for non-dairy calcium sources (HR per 200 mg/day 1.00, 95% CI: 0.811.24). (2005), Dietary calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, dairy products and the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer among French women of the E3N-EPIC prospective study, Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ (2004), Nutrition, lifestyle and colorectal cancer incidence: a prospective investigation of 10,998 vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the United Kingdom, High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, Pala V, Sieri S, Berrino F, Vineis P, Sacerdote C, et al. Shannon J, White E, Shattuck AL, Potter JD. In our study, diet was assessed through dietary questionnaires, which are subject to measurement error. In our analysis we did not observe a threshold association at any level of intake, or any departure from linearity. No associations were observed in the linear calibrated models for cancers across all bowel locations. Processed meats Processed meat is any type of meat that's been preserved by smoking, salting, curing, or canning. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence, Wu K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Giovannucci EL (2002), Calcium Intake and Risk of Colon Cancer in Women and Men, Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet, Hjartaker A, Lagiou A, Slimani N, Lund E, Chirlaque MD, et al. This analysis included 3 case-control study comparisons (31, 48) (Figure 2). No significant associations were found between CRC risk and the consumption of low-fat dairy products, whole milk, fermented dairy products, or cultured milk. Another study limitation was that changes in diet during follow-up could not be taken into account; however, this does not appear to have influenced our conclusions since our results are consistent with those of other cohort studies, some of which used cumulative estimates of diet over time [8], [30]. The heterogeneity across countries was explored by taking a meta-analytic approach [26]. The meta-analysis included prospective cohort and case-control studies analyzing the consumption of total dairy products, high-fat dairy products, low-fat dairy products, total milk, whole milk, low-fat milk, fermented dairy products, total yogurt, cultured milk or cheese. If a small bag of puffy Cheetos will make you joyful, go for it. Bostick RM, Potter JD, Sellers TA, McKenzie DR, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. Table S3. Spinach or Kale 1.3.3 3. But there is no proof it increases or decreases the risk of any other cancer type. Our study therefore included 477,122 participants (334,981 women and 142,141 men). The EPIC Project: rationale and study design. Inverse associations were observed for cheese and yoghurt in the categorical models; although in the linear models, these associations were non-significant. For rectal cancer, the OR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.20; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.45; n=2) (Figure 5). Fermented Dairy Food Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A - PubMed Jrvinen R, Knekt P, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Lactose and casein in milk may increase the bioavailability of calcium, which could also explain the inverse associations we observed for dairy calcium [33]. The summary OR for rectal cancer was not statistically significant (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.69, 1.13; I2=40%; P-heterogeneity = 0.17; n=4) (Figure 5). Hazard ratios estimated by Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for total energy intake (continuous), body mass index (continuous), physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, or missing), smoking status and intensity (never; current, 115 cigarettes per day; current, 1625 cigarettes per day; current, 16+ cigarettes per day; former, quit 10 years; former, quit 1120 years; former, quit 20+ years; current, pipe/cigar/occasional; current/former, missing; unknown), education status (none, primary school completed, technical/professional school, secondary school, longer education including university, or not specified), ever use of contraceptive pill (yes, no, or unknown), ever use of menopausal hormone therapy (yes, no, or unknown), menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal, perimenopausal/unknown menopausal status, or surgical postmenopausal), alcohol consumption (yes or no; and continuous) and intakes of red and processed meat and fibre (both continuous), and stratified by age (1-year categories), sex, and centre. Kampman E, vantVeer P, Hiddink GJ, vanAken-Schneijder P, Kok FJ, Hermus RJ. Beyond the calcium content of dairy products, other constituents contained within these products may explain the inverse associations observed. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Some evidence suggests that lactic acid bacteria contained within yoghurt products may protect against colorectal cancer [29]. Banana and Blueberry 1.3.6 6. Centonze S, Boeing H, Leoci C, Guerra V, Misciagna G. Dietary habits and colorectal cancer in a lowrisk area. Similarly, how other high-fat dairy products, such as cheese and yoghurt, are associated with colorectal cancer risk is unclear, as mixed results have been reported from the handful of previous prospective studies. Ralston RA, Truby H, Palermo CE, Walker KZ. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Allen NE, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Roddam AW, et al. Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a - Annals of Oncology There was also a significant linear association for colon cancer (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.93; P<0.001) (Supplemental Figure 11) and rectal cancer (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97; P=0.005) (Supplemental Figure 12). The inverse relationships for distal colon cancer (summary RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.69, 1.09; I2=54%; P-heterogeneity = 0.11; n=3) (Figure 4) and rectal cancer (summary RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.13; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.85; n=3) (Figure 5) were not statistically significant. Whole Wheat Tortillas 1.3.7 7. (1996), Calcium in Milk Products Precipitates Intestinal Fatty Acids and Secondary Bile Acids and Thus Inhibits Colonic Cytotoxicity in Humans, Holt PR, Atillasoy EO, Gilman J, Guss J, Moss SF, et al. We did not observe a significant inverse association with colon cancer risk in the analysis of the highest compared with the lowest consumption (summary RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.05; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.35; n=2) (Figure 3), proximal colon cancer (summary RR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.49; I2=83%; P-heterogeneity = 0.02; n=2) (Figure 4), distal colon cancer (summary RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.01; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.64; n=2) (Figure 4), or rectal cancer (summary RR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.16; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.66; n=2) (Figure 5). Tsuda H, Kozu T, Iinuma G, Ohashi Y, Saito Y, Saito D, Akasu T, Alexander DB, Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K et al Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial, Dose-response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in association with risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model, nmy114_supplemental_data_tables_figures.pdf, http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/, Total dairy (milk products, excluding butter): >25 vs <8 servings/wk, Age, total energy intake, height, parity, low-fat meat intake, total vitamin E intake, and a total vitamin Eage interaction term, USA: Health Professionals Follow-up Study (4075), Milk, whole or skim/low fat: >1/d vs <1/mo (237 mL), Age, total calories, family history of colon cancer, previous polyp, screening, past history of smoking, alcohol consumption, aspirin use, physical activity, BMI, red meat, saturated fat, and dietary fiber intakes, Age at baseline, sex, BMI, physical activity, parental history of colon cancer, current smoking, past smoking, alcohol consumption, and aspirin use, USA: Iowa Women's Health Study (mean of 61.7), Age at baseline, total energy intake, and history of rectal colon polyps, Low-fat dairy (includes skim milk, ice milk, and yogurt): >7 vs 2.5 servings/wk, Sweden: Swedish Mammography Screening Cohort (median 55), 572 CRC, 371 CC (164 PC, 121 DC) and 191 R, Age, BMI, education level, total energy and quartiles of red meat, alcohol, and energy-adjusted folic acid and vitamin C intake.